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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
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Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of their colony and have certain other tasks to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower degrees of harm seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform , they excavate a room large enough for both, shut up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the pair never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
For instance, alates in certain species appear during the daytime in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight like this begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
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The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In certain species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs per day.72 The two adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees provide assistance. .
